Among these four streams, there are certainly more similarities than differences. The millenniaold confucianism, dating back to the teachings of confucius during the fifth and sixth centuries b. Shinto, also known as shintoism or kaminomichi, is a religion originating from japan. The nirankaris were members of trading castes and followers of baba dayal, who had preached a return to the. But a close examination of hinduism reveals that it has many sects and teacher traditions, with large following, which can be treated as religions themselves.
Nor does it provide a moral code as most other religions do. The word sect comes from the latin noun secta a feminine form of a variant past participle of the verb sequi, to follow, meaning a way, road, and figuratively a prescribed way, mode, or manner, and hence metonymously, a discipline or school of thought as defined by a set of methods and doctrines. However, the puranas are supposed to be complied by muni vyasa. Sanskrit texts that codified the worldviews, doctrines, and practices of the various hindu theistic sects were composed. Each groupfamily of shinto people record their prayers in books. Each god in hinduism has a different area of responsibility. Apr 25, 2017 sunni, shia, ibadi, ahmadiyya, and sufism are each important branches of contemporary islam. There are four total divisions or branches of shintoism. The thirteen sects which constitute sect shinto are broadly characterised by the veneration of the founder, worship of the kami of traditional shinto, and an emphasis on piety and purity. The shvetashvatara upanishad, likely composed before the bhagavad gita about 4th century bce contains the theistic foundations of shaivism wrapped in a monistic structure.
In addition to the orthodox, there are several sikh sects, four of which are particularly important. Meiji to end of the second world war, and shin kyoha shinto new sect. Find here a list of selected books on the various aspects of hinduism, history, philosophy, scriptures and sects of hinduism, gods and goddesses, the vedas, puranas and the upanishads, vedic rituals, art and temple traditions. Religious syncretisation made kami worship and buddhism functionally. The dates are very significant, since by the 8th century, when they were compiled, japanese religious. Shaktism is chiefly advaitic, defining the souls destiny as complete identity with the unmanifest, siva. Shinto texts just as shinto has no single founder akin to the buddha, jesus, or muhammad, so it has no body of sacred scriptures on a parallel with the tripitaka, bible, or quran. Most important among them is tenrikyo in tenri city nara, in which healing by faith plays a central role. Vaishnavism and shaivism are generally regarded as monotheistic sects. As such, hinduism is full of variety in traditions and beliefs. Above and below and in all four directions, mother of the universe, we bow. The puranas are holy books of hinduism that date back to gupta empire in ancient india. A brief description of the main sects and schools of hinduism, namely saivism, vaishnavism, shaktism and tantrism. Mcdaniel 2007 classifies hinduism into six major kinds and numerous minor kinds, in order to understand expression of emotions among the hindus.
Shinto comprises the religious ideas and practices indigenous to japan. What it does have are historical accounts of the formation of the world and the coming of the kami to japan, providing both an historical and spiritual basis for shinto. However, vedas being not consistent in their philosophies, different schools of thought emerged in india either by accepting or rejecting the authority of the vedas. Sacred text is the scripture, or holy book, that writes about various religion traditions considered sacred. It is based on the teachings of jesus christ who lived on the holy land 2000 years ago. The holy books of shinto are the kojiki or records of ancient matters 712 ce and the nihongi or chronicles of japan 720 ce these books are compilations of ancient. Christians worship in churches and their spiritual leaders are called priests. Many of these new religions combine elements of shintoism, buddhism, confucianism, and folk beliefs, but most have separated themselves from shinto. Shinto, shinto, the folk religion of japan, developed a diversity of schools and sects. Two sects, the nirankaris and the namdharis, or kuka sikhs, emerged in northwestern punjab during the latter part of ranjit singhs reign. Sankara, ramanuja, madhva are the three incarnations of the three divine forms viz. It is prevedic tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before written. Few, however, have realized, and fewer still have written, that indias sanatana dharma, or eternal faith, known today as hinduism and comprising nearly a billion followers, is a family of religions with four principal denominations saivism, shaktism, vaishnavism and smartism.
Hinduism is a major world religion, not merely by virtue of its many followers estimated at more than 700 million but also because of its profound influence on many other religions during its long, unbroken history, which dates from about 1500 bc. Hinduism sacred texts and sects composed, ritual, veda. Some of the other holy works and books of hinduism. The primary sacred texts, known as the vedas, were composed around 1500 b. The commentaries of these three gurus may look different, which are meant for the people with different mental maturity at different times. A major issue in the study of sect shinto, then, is the relatio between meiji. Shintoism religious studies seton hall university libraries at. Shintoism is one of the smaller religions of the world. While some hindus believe in the existence of three gods, some believe in thousands of gods, and some others in thirty three crore i. Denominations sikhism isnt monolithicthere are multiple different branches which are not recognized by the majority of sikhs as orthodox in their teachings and beliefs.
World history i world religions flashcards quizlet. Hinduism is the popular, distorted, corrupted side of brahminism. The chart below compares selected religion characteristics such as prophets, adherents, founders, origination date, deity names, afterlife, path to redemption, place of worship, holy book name, and main sects. The four denominations of hinduism himalayan academy. Those that continue with little modification the traditions of ancient shinto. Sruti consists of four vedas, upanishads, brahmanas, aranyakas, and bhagavadgita while smriti consists of manu smriti, 18 puranas, ramayana, and mahabharata and other hindu holy books. Sruti scriptures are considered divinely inspired and fully authoritative for belief and practice, while smruti are recognized as the products of the minds of the great sages. Holy book s many sacred texts including the upanishads. It depends upon what perspective you are considering it from. Both shiva and vishnu have a following, as does the goddess devi, while followers of one sect recognize no single godhead.
Shinshukyo one of the thirteen sects of prewar shinto founded by yoshimura masamochi 18391915. The denominations differ primarily in the god worshipped as the supreme one and in the traditions that accompany worship of that god. The main shinto schools with traditions traceable to early periods, according to authoritative published records are. Shintoism is based on a belief in, and worship of, kami. State shinto, sect shinto, shrine shinto, and folk shinto. Other holy scriptures in hinduism are called the upanisads, the smrutis, the puranas, the ramayana and the mahabharata. They are assigned chronologically to one of three categories. The major kinds, according to mcdaniel are, folk hinduism, based on local traditions and cults of local deities and is the oldest, nonliterate system. The scholars formed the first council, a group whose purpose was to preserve the buddha. Shintoism was once a state religion in japan, but it is now a sect religion, consisting of recognized groups. Zhu placed this text last among the four books because, having studied the other three, the student could here study the intricacies of confucian philosophy.
Hinduism, has many holy books, but most popular is shreemad bhagavad gita, upanishads and veda. The present gamut of meanings of sect has been influenced by confusion with the homonymous. The corresponding influence of these various religions on hinduism it has an extraordinary. The teachings of confucius led to eight schools of confucianism. The holy books of shinto are the kojiki or records of ancient matters 712 ce and the nihongi or chronicles of japan 720 ce. In hinduism, there are four different streams or sects such as the shaiva, vaishnava, shakteya and smarta. Hinduism encompasses a number of major sects, as well as countless subsects with local or regional variations. Grade 9 honors modern world history parzych world religions. Major branches of shintoism there are four total divisions or branches of shintoism. Hindus value many sacred writings as opposed to one holy book. Owing in part to its age it dates to 1500 bce hinduism is a complex religion with many regional subdivisions and local variations, but there are four main sects. Scholars regard hinduism as a combination of different indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots. People are often confused as there are so many gods in hinduism, many religious books, many philosophical schools as well as. Sect shinto started in the 19th century and includes major independent sects which are officially recognised by the japanese governement.
Along with buddhism, japan adopted many elements of chinese culture, including its written language. For tibetan buddhism, certain tantric texts and the tibetan book of the dead are also of interest. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners shintoists, although adherents rarely use that term themselves. The main shinto schools with traditions traceable to early periods, according to. Because confucianism is not an organized religion the way catholicism or judaism is, using the word sect to describe the. The specific principles and disciplines of hinduism vary with different sects. Bible is the holy book which consists of old and new testaments. Shinto, also known as kaminomichi, is a religion originating from japan. It developed over several centuries, the conglomeration of numerous cultural traditions and native beliefs from india.
If you sternly believe them to be politics and religion, come on, you are one hundred percent right. Hinduism is widely practiced in south asia mainly in india and nepal. State shinto was founded by the emperor meiji in the 1800s. A list of some of these new sects is provided below. Sufis are designated as a mystical islamic dimension. One of the thirteen sects of prewar shinto founded by sano tsunehiko 18341906. We are trying to list out here as many hindu scriptures and books. The scriptures of the vedas are meant to guide hindu believers in their daily lives. The devi gita extols, we bow down to the universal soul of all. In its present form shinto is characterized less by religious doctrine or belief than by the observance of popular festivals and traditional ceremonies and customs, many involving pilgrimages to shrines. List of world religions and founders, religious books. Ancient shinto focused on the worship of the kami, a host of supernatural beings that could be known through forms objects of nature, remarkable people, abstract concepts such as justice but were ultimately mysterious.
The word, which literally means the way of kami generally sacred or divine power, specifically the various gods or deities, came into use to distinguish indigenous japanese beliefs from buddhism, which had been introduced into japan in the 6th century ce. This is called the norito or kojiki, which is a book of prayers from each said groupfamily. Christianity is the worlds biggest religion, with about 2. Hinduism has three major groupings of books, the vedas, the gitas, and the upanishads. The islam religion has over 2 billion followers in the world. During its early period, the body of religious belief and practice called shinto was. The following is a list of major religious sects and teacher traditions in hinduism. For details of particular sects see tenrikyo, konkokyo, kurozumikyo and shinto taikyo. Sectarian shinto subdivided into major and numerous minor sects the principal sects are divided into 5 main groups. While the hindu pantheon is expansive, not all hindus worship every deity. Hindu sacred texts the sacred texts of hinduism fall into one of two categories. Buddhism was introduced to japan from korea, and later, china, in the 6th century c.
A common question asked by people not following hinduism is to whom hindus pray as there are so many gods in hinduism, which is the central book of hinduism as islam has quran and christianity has bible. Mar 17, 2015 there are many subdivisions within buddhism, but most can be classified into three major branches. These branches include one group called the udasi, a group of holy men that was founded by baba sri chand. Sep 17, 2009 sect shinto started in the 19th century and includes major independent sects which are officially recognised by the japanese governement. Sacred books although shinto does not consider any one volume as the wholly inspired revelation on which its religion is based, two books are considered sacred and have done much to influence the beliefs of the japanese people. These texts are glorious tales of the hindu trinity brahma, vishnu and maheshwar shiva. This major religion comparison table includes judaism, christianity, islam, hinduism, and buddhism. Mahayana then subdivided into several diverse schools, such as zen. Major beliefs of hinduism and pracitices in hinduism. Shaktism, worship of the hindu goddess shakti sanskrit. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The practitioners of shinto have many major holidays they celebrate including the spring festival, summer and autumn festivals, and the. Shakti is conceived of either as the paramount goddess or as the consort of a male deity, generally shiva. Hinduism is a collective term applied to the many philosophical and religious traditions native to india.
When most people think of hinduism, they think of the many gods and goddess in the hindu pantheon. Where are books on shintoism located in the library. Kami can be elements of the landscapes or forces of nature sometimes these forces are personified as they were in ancient greece and rome, but the personifications are not seen as deities. Theravada and mahayana buddhism went their separate ways in the first century ce. For example, lord ganesh is the remover of the obstacle, goddess sarasvati is the goddess of knowledge, goddess lakshmi is the goddess of wealth, lord hanuman is the god of service and devotion, lord kartikeya is god of war, shani dev is god of justice and yamraj is god of death etc. What are the top ten religions and what is the holy book for. The formation of sect shinto in modernizing japan jstor. Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world, and hindus refer to it as sanatana dharma, the eternal tradition, or the eternal way, beyond human history. Jun 22, 2017 list of holy books in buddhism every religion has a set of holy books central to its teachings.
A key point of the doctrine of the mean is the importance of a unified purpose between principle and mind, whereby one might achieve, within oneself, a manifestation of heaven. The religion originally had the name sanathana dharma, which means righteousness forever 1. Shinto has no founder, no official sacred scriptures in the strict sense, and no fixed dogmas, but it. What are the three major devotional traditions in hinduism. This branch values patriotism to the emperor and government, and obedience to figures of authority. Apr 19, 2015 shinto texts shinto does not have any philosophical literature or official scripture that can be compared to texts like the bible or the quran.
These works are kojiki, the records of ancient matters and nihongi. Shaktism is, together with vaishnavism and shaivism, one of the major forms of modern hinduism and is especially popular in bengal and assam. The division of shintoism into sects began in the 19th century, and now includes thirteen major independent sects. Several months after the buddhas death, a period known as mahaparinibbana, 500 scholars and disciples of the buddha who had attained arahantphala, buddhisms highest level of sainthood, convened to discuss the preservation of the buddhas teachings. Thos who worship the god shiva are shaivites and the worshippers of vishnu are the vaishnavites, those of the mother goddess in different forms are the shakteyas and those worshipping all the three gods are smartas. Unlike the other major world religions, hinduism has no set starting point. It contains the key terms and ideas of shaivism, such as shiva, rudra, maheswara, guru, bhakti, yoga, atman. Classified as an east asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as japans indigenous religion. Those that emphasize adherence to confucian ethics. Central scriptures are the vedas, shakta agamas and puranas. As just seen, the spectrum of hindu religiousness is found within four major sects or denominations. Four denominations of hinduism magazine web edition. Hinduism has neither a specific moment of origin nor a specific founder.
World religions hinduism a patchwork of perceptions. What are the top ten religions and what is the holy book. Journals representing all major religious faiths, major denominations. Shinto shuseiha one of the thirteen sects of prewar shinto founded by nitta kuniteru 18291902. Even among them there are sub sects on the basis of theoretical. The other hindu sacred texts include the puranas, which detail hindu cosmology, and the epic poems the ramayana and mahabharata. List of world religions and founders, religious books, place. Some of these newer sects stress world peace as part of their philosophy. The holy trinity believed that god has three parts the father him, the son jesus, and the holy ghost his presence on earth. Book on hinduism, hindu religious beliefs and practices. Their followers are estimated at around 15 million. Shinto, indigenous religious beliefs and practices of japan.
He has written several books about hinduism for children and young adults. List of books and articles about shinto online research. Each of the major divisions or sects shaivism, vaishnavism, shaktism, etc. Shintoism religious studies libguides at university of regina. Hinduism simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Practicing muslims believe that islam began in 610 ce when the. The holy books of world religions sacred texts in world. The most holy of the hindu books is written in sanskrit and is referred to as the vedas. Academics categorize contemporary hinduism into four major denominations. It appears in this form in texts such as nakatomi no harai kunge and. The first four books, the gospels, deal with the life and death of jc beliefs.
Hinduism, in its narrower sense, is the conglomeration of religious beliefs and practices existing in india that have grown out of ancient brahminism, q. Indeed, most hindus would attest to this, by professing belief in multiple gods. Hinduism origins, hinduism history, hinduism beliefs. Centering on one or another of the principal deities of sectarian hinduism vishnu, shiva, or the goddessthese texts. Engage your students during remote learning with video readalouds.
These are highly revered, widely read by the followers and are treasured as authentic treasure. But the kojiki records of ancient matters and the nihongi or nihon shoki chronicles of japan, are in a sense the sacred books of shinto. Sects jinja shrine shinto is the closest type of traditional shintoism that is said to exist. Smriti literature is considered less authoritative than sruti. On one level, it is possible to view these sects as distinct religious traditions, with often very specific theologies and ritual traditions. Chief among these are the puranas stories of antiquity. Those that are predominantly devoted to faith healing. Find the top 100 most popular items in amazon books best sellers. Since hinduism has such great variety, it is not possible to boil down the teachings. Shiva, vishnu and brahma of the same sadguru, who is lord dattatreya datta. Dec 04, 2017 the bahai faith describes jesus as a manifestation of god and acknowledges jesus was sent by god the bahai faith does, however, place jesus alongside other messengers from major religious movements, including abraham, muhammad, the buddha, krishna, and zoroaster. Hinduism is commonly perceived as a polytheistic religion. Resulting from the merging of four branches of sekai. This sacred text is divided into two main sections, the old testament and the new testament which are then further divided into various books.
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